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Products and services don't just sell themselves. Several steps are involved in distributing them to the right customers. These steps are nested under one big umbrella known as marketing. In this guide, we will walk through the essential concepts and topics in marketing, as well as how you master Marketing studies with StudySmarter.

What Is Marketing?

A food tasting popup in a shopping mall, a flash sale deal on an eCommerce app, a TV show billboard on the high street. These are examples of marketing campaigns. You probably thought of marketing as an invention of the modern world, but the fact is it has been around for ages. The first evidence of marketing came from a mosaic container by a fish sauce manufacturer in antiquity. 1

While marketing activities vary among industries and markets, their definition is basically the same:

Marketing is a set of strategies and tactics to promote a company's services or products to the target customers.

Studying marketing will lay a strong foundation for your understanding of business. It will also prepare you for a wide range of careers after school.

Topics and Learning Goals of Marketing

StudySmarter writes explanations that guide you through six main topics in marketing:

  • Strategic marketing planning
  • Marketing management
  • Marketing information management
  • Integrated marketing communications
  • Customer-driven marketing strategy
  • International marketing

Strategic marketing planning

Strategic marketing planning is the development of marketing strategies based on the overall business strategy. It involves understanding the current situation of the business and developing matching plans. In this section, you will learn about the strategic objectives of marketing, how to develop marketing growth strategies, and build a business portfolio that aligns with strategic goals.

Marketing management

Before implementing any marketing strategy, you must develop a system to manage and monitor its progress. This is where marketing management comes in. Marketing management is the entire process to ensure the effective implementation of a marketing strategy. Two important topics in you will learn here are Marketing ROI and Marketing Strategy Management.

Marketing information management

Marketing in today's world is hugely data-driven. One of the reasons is because of the extensive use of information technology. Marketers need a productive system that helps them collect, analyze, and apply essential data to pick up gems from the overwhelming sea of information. A marketing information system also allows them to manage customer relationships more effectively and perform marketing analytics.

In this section, you will also learn about the methods that help companies collect data such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, observation, and field experiments (Fig. 1).

Marketing information management types of research methods StudySmarterFig. 1 - Types of market research in marketing information management, StudySmarter Originals

Integrated Marketing Communications

Marketing communications is all about informing, engaging, and convincing customers to make a buying decision. There are also post-purchase communications, such as customer support and feedback collection. If you are interested in becoming a marketing communicator, you may need a firm grasp of marketing campaigns, promotion mix, advertising media, as well as modern marketing strategies like mobile marketing, social media marketing, email marketing, SEO, etc.

Customer-driven marketing strategy

If companies want to appeal to a certain customer group, they have to provide what the customers need. That is why building a customer-driven marketing strategy is important. An effective customer-driven marketing strategy always starts with market segmentation, targeting, and positioning. Knowledge of micro- and macro-marketing also helps marketers to design a quality and cost-efficient marketing strategy.

The STP Model is a popular framework to define the target audience and how to market to them (Fig. 2):

Marketing Customer driven marketing strategy STP model StudySmarterFig. 2 - STP model in customer-driven marketing, StudySmarter Originals

International Marketing

If companies want to maximize their impact, they have to extend their business beyond the national border; in other words, to adopt an international marketing strategy. This section will cover everything you need to know about global marketing, including its major types and methods.

How Can StudySmarter Support My Marketing Studies?

Whether you're studying for personal interests or upcoming exams, StudySmarter has got you covered. Our team is a collective of passionate marketing learners and enthusiasts just like you and will guide you through all the important concepts in marketing. What's more, it's free! Check out our Marketing Revision Guide below to see how you can get the most out of StudySmarter learning materials.

The Marketing Revision Guide

This short guide will cover everything you need to know to study and revise your exams with StudySmarter:

Marketing summaries

StudySmarter marketing summaries will cover all they need to know about essential topics in marketing while introducing exciting marketing concepts to deepen your understanding and interest in the subject. You can become the creator yourself and upload them to our platform to share with other students: summaries, workbooks, notes, exercises, or anything you think others will find useful.

Marketing flashcards

Flashcards are a great way to overcome imposter syndrome and consolidate what you've just learned. Marketing flashcards consist of not only definition questions but also multiple choice and case studies to pick your brain. And yes, you can create your own flashcards and share them with your friends and study groups!

Marketing study groups

Studying online can be lonely. Joining a study group will motivate you to learn better and more effectively. Here's an idea for you to try: Pick a Marketing topic you're interested in learning more about and read through our explanation. Then create a quiz and share it with our community on StudySmarter.

Rewards for learning Marketing

Rewards make doing things more exciting, aren't they? StudySmarter lets you set your weekly goals for completing subjects, correctly answering quizzes, and asking questions. Reaching these goals will earn you trophies. For example, study every week for three months, and you'll gain the Best Thing Since Sliced Bread! The more you learn, the more tropics you get to celebrate your hard work.


References

  1. Wikipedia, History of Marketing, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_marketing.

Frequently Asked Questions about Marketing

Digital marketing is using digital tools like social media and emails to perform marketing functions.

To effectively maximize a marketing campaign's performance, marketers use a method called performance marketing. This method involves marketers paying advertisement agencies or platforms to advertise their promotional campaigns and the marketing fee is only paid when the desired action is achieved, such as a view, click, sale, etc. 

Marketing involves the set of various activities that are used to promote and sell products or services to customers and influence their buying behaviour. 

Affiliate marketing involves businesses paying commissions to third parties, called affiliates, to promote and sell businesses' products and services.

7 main functions of marketing are

1. Distribution

2. Funding

3. Market research

4. Promotion

5. Sales volume and sales value

6. Market share

7. Brand loyalty

Final Marketing Quiz

Marketing Quiz - Teste dein Wissen

Question

What is PED?

Show answer

Answer

Price elasticity of demand (PED) measures how responsive demand is to a change in price. In other words, it measures the extent to which demand for a product or service changes if the price of that product or service changes.

Show question

Question

How do you calculate PED?


Show answer

Answer

PED can be calculated by dividing the percentage change in quantity demanded by the percentage change in price.

Show question

Question

What does it mean if the absolute value of PED is greater than one? 


Show answer

Answer

If the absolute value of PED is greater than one it means that demand is elastic.

Show question

Question

What does it mean if the absolute value of PED is smaller than one? 


Show answer

Answer

If the absolute value of PED is smaller than one it means that demand is inelastic.

Show question

Question

What does it mean if the absolute value of PED is equal to one?


Show answer

Answer

If the absolute value of PED is equal to one, it means that demand is unitary.

Show question

Question

At the beginning of the year Product A was selling at £5 and demand for Product A was 15,000 units. The next year Product A was selling at £6 and demand for Product A was 12,000 units. Calculate the price elasticity of demand.


Show answer

Answer

Change in quantity demanded = (12,000-15,000) / (15,000) = -0.2 = - 20%


Change in price = (6-5) / (5) = 0.2 = 20% 


PED = -20% / 20% = 1 


A PED of 1 implies that demand is unitary. 

Show question

Question

What is YED? 


Show answer

Answer

Income elasticity of demand measures how responsive demand is to a change in income.

Show question

Question

How do you calculate YED? 


Show answer

Answer

YED can be calculated by dividing the percentage change in quantity demanded by the percentage change in real income.

Show question

Question

What does a YED larger than 1 imply? 


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Answer

If YED is more than one, it implies income elastic demand. This means that a change in income will result in a proportionally larger change in quantity demand.

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Question

What does a YED that is smaller than 0 imply? 


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Answer

If YED is smaller than zero, it implies a negative elasticity of demand. In other words, when consumers' average income increases, they demand less of the product.

Show question

Question

What does it mean when YED is between 0 and 1?


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Answer

YED is between 0 and 1 for normal goods. It implies that an increase in income will lead to an increase in the quantity demanded.


Show question

Question

What is an inferior good? 


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Answer

An inferior good is a product that consumers demand less of when their income increases.

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Question

Name an example of a normal good.

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Answer

Clothing.

Show question

Question

In 2004 consumers were earning on average £19,000 and demanding 1 million units of Product A. In 2005 consumers were earning on average £22,000 and demanded 500,000 units of Product A. Calculate the income elasticity of demand. What could this YED signify?


Show answer

Answer

Change in quantity demanded = (500,000 - 1,000,000) / (1,000,000) = -0.5 = -50%


Change in income = (22,000 - 19,000) / (19,000) = 0.16 = 16% 


YED = -50% / 16% = -3,125


A YED of -3,125 implies negative elasticity of demand. This could signify that the good is inferior. 

Show question

Question

Name the five basic primary research methods.

Show answer

Answer

  • Surveys 

  • Focus groups 

  • Interviews 

  • Observation

  • Field experiments 

Show question

Question

What is one of the advantages of using surveys? 


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Answer

Surveys are a useful tool for conducting quantitative research.

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Question

What is one of the disadvantages of focus groups? 


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Answer

Focus groups can lead to issues with bias if certain participants do not feel comfortable with expressing their true opinions.

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Question

What is a moderator? 


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Answer

Focus groups and interviews involve a moderator who asks the group/individual questions and guides the discussion.

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Question

Name two examples of field experiments. 


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Answer

Test marketing, and A/B testing.

Show question

Question

Name two different types of interview styles. What is the difference between them? 


Show answer

Answer

Interviews can be structured with a list of specific questions the moderator asks the interviewee. Interviews can also be semi-structured where the interviewer asks a set of predetermined questions and then proposes a topic and lets the interviewee decide what they want to talk about, regarding the topic.

Show question

Question

Which of the following statements is correct? 


  1. Observational research is useful as it lets researchers know the actual behavior of customers. 

  2. Surveys are useful for quantitative research. 

Show answer

Answer

Both statements are correct. 

Show question

Question

What is the first step of the marketing research process?

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Answer

Defining the research problem and objectives.

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Question

What are the steps you would take during the second phase of the marketing research process? 


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Answer

During this step (step 2: developing the research plan) the researcher would decide whether they are going to be collecting primary or secondary data and the type of research method they are going to use (surveys, focus groups, etc.). This step also involves coming up with a sampling plan.  

Show question

Question

Name three different types of sampling methods. 


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Answer

  • Random 

  • Stratified 

  • Convenience 

Show question

Question

What would you do during steps 3 and 4 of the marketing research process?


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Answer

During step three you collect the data. In step four, you analyse the data.

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Question

What is the fifth step of the marketing research process? 


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Answer

Presenting your findings. During this step, you would format your analysis and data into detailed insights. You would translate your data into useful recommendations for managers.

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Question

What is the last step of the marketing research process? 


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Answer

During the last step (step 6) you are going to be making your decision. This is where your organisation decides how to tackle the problem you were researching with the findings you presented. The step could also involve a decision on whether you launch your new product or not.

Show question

Question

What is a positioning map?  

Show answer

Answer

A positioning map is a visual representation of market positioning. It represents a range of positions a product has or could have in the market. The positioning map is represented on a scatter plot diagram and it maps the positioning of competitors in relation to the brand.

Show question

Question

What is an example of the dimensions that could be used to map a market? 


Show answer

Answer

Example: Price and Quality. High price/low price,  and high quality/low quality would make up the four quadrants.

Show question

Question

What does a positioning map tell you about competition? 


Show answer

Answer

The positioning map tells you how your brand compares to competitors' brands. It shows how your business's brand is positioned in relation to similar brands offered by competitors.

Show question

Question

Name two benefits of a positioning map. 


Show answer

Answer

The positioning map can be used: 

  • To analyze competition and competitors' positioning. 

  • As a tool that helps market researchers.

  • To understand the product positioning aspect of the market mix.

Show question

Question

Name two limitations of a positioning map. 


Show answer

Answer

  • Just because you have identified a gap in the market does not mean that the product will be successful.

  • The scale or dimensions that you have used might not be the most effective ones for the market or industry you are trying to examine. 

Show question

Question

How would you create a positioning map? 


Show answer

Answer

To create a positioning map you need to first decide which product or brand your business would like to compare to its competitors. You then need to decide which dimensions you are going to use for your diagram. A positioning map always has to feature two different dimensions. You then have to plot your brand and competitors' brands on the scatter plot diagram; this will become your positioning map.

Show question

Question

What is a perceptual map? 


Show answer

Answer

A perceptual map is a visual representation of how customers view a business' product or brand. It allows managers to understand which brands are their closest competitors and which attributes of their product or brand play the biggest role in differentiating them from competitors.

Show question

Question

What is the difference between a perceptual map and a positioning map?


Show answer

Answer

A perceptual map shows how consumers view your product, whereas a positioning map is not based on consumer perceptions.

Show question

Question

Name two advantages of perceptual mapping?


Show answer

Answer

  • Help us understand market segments. 

  • Useful for market researchers. 

Show question

Question

Name one of the disadvantages of perceptual mapping.  


Show answer

Answer

It is often time-consuming and expensive to collect this type of data.

Show question

Question

Which of the following is not a characteristic of perceptual mapping?

  1. It provides a visual representation of information. 

  2. It is used by market researchers. 

  3. It helps us understand market segments. 

  4. It is based solely on industry data. 

Show answer

Answer

D.

Show question

Question

What is qualitative research?

Show answer

Answer

Qualitative research focuses on gathering and analyzing data that is non-numerical. This type of research tries to describe certain situations and understand characteristics, opinions, concepts, and experiences.

Show question

Question

What is quantitative research?


Show answer

Answer

Quantitative research is the opposite of qualitative research. This type of research focuses on collecting numeric data which can, later on, be analyzed by the researcher through different statistical measures.

Show question

Question

Which of the following statements is correct about market research? 


  1. The qualitative researcher usually poses open-ended questions. 

  2. Quantitative research involves smaller sample sizes. 

Show answer

Answer

Only statement I. is correct. 

Show question

Question

What are the two types of market research?


Show answer

Answer

The two different types of market research are primary and secondary research.

Show question

Question

What is primary market research?


Show answer

Answer

Primary market research is a type of research that an organization plans itself and involves collecting new data that has not been gathered before.

Show question

Question

What is secondary market research?


Show answer

Answer

Secondary market research is a type of research that involves gathering data that already exists. This can include internet research, examining market reports or government data. This type of information has been collected before for a purpose other than your research.

Show question

Question

What are two advantages of primary market research?


Show answer

Answer

  • It is specific to the business. 

  • It can provide unique insight into the wants and needs, characteristics, attitudes, and behaviors of a business's customers. 

Show question

Question

What are two advantages of secondary market research? 


Show answer

Answer

  • It is less costly than conducting primary research. 

  • It is simpler to gather. 

Show question

Question

Secondary market research can _____________. 


Show answer

Answer

Provide access to industry-specific information

Show question

Question

One of the disadvantages of secondary research is: 

  1. It can be quite costly. 

  2. It can be very time consuming. 

  3. It is available to your competitors. 

  4. It requires specific skills to be carried out. 

Show answer

Answer

C.

Show question

Question

Which of the following is a disadvantage of primary research? 

  1. It can provide data that is less specific to your business. 

  2. You often need a specialized team to conduct the research. 

  3. The information is available to your competitors. 

  4. The data could have been gathered a long time ago.

Show answer

Answer

B.

Show question

Question

Which of the following statements is correct about market research? 


  1. Primary research can take a long time to complete. 

  2. Secondary research can provide access to industry-specific knowledge. 

Show answer

Answer

Both statements are correct. 

Show question

Flashcards in Marketing2767

Start learning

What is PED?

Price elasticity of demand (PED) measures how responsive demand is to a change in price. In other words, it measures the extent to which demand for a product or service changes if the price of that product or service changes.

How do you calculate PED?


PED can be calculated by dividing the percentage change in quantity demanded by the percentage change in price.

What does it mean if the absolute value of PED is greater than one? 


If the absolute value of PED is greater than one it means that demand is elastic.

What does it mean if the absolute value of PED is smaller than one? 


If the absolute value of PED is smaller than one it means that demand is inelastic.

What does it mean if the absolute value of PED is equal to one?


If the absolute value of PED is equal to one, it means that demand is unitary.

At the beginning of the year Product A was selling at £5 and demand for Product A was 15,000 units. The next year Product A was selling at £6 and demand for Product A was 12,000 units. Calculate the price elasticity of demand.


Change in quantity demanded = (12,000-15,000) / (15,000) = -0.2 = - 20%


Change in price = (6-5) / (5) = 0.2 = 20% 


PED = -20% / 20% = 1 


A PED of 1 implies that demand is unitary. 

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